Index
Index
A
- abortion, 71–79
- abortion rate, 71, 75–76
- anti-abortion movement see anti-abortion movement
- Catholic Church, 34, 36–37, 39
- characteristics of woman who obtain abortions in the U.S., statistics, 75
- Christianity, 34
- Connecticut, first state to criminalize, 17
- criminalization of abortion in U.S., 4–5
- doctors and providers see abortion, practice and practitioners
- early stage pregnancy representative of potential life, not a person, 67
- funding see abortion funding
- genetic testing, Arizona law banning abortion after, 109–10
- groups opposing overpopulation, support of legal abortion, 14
- illegal abortion rates, 14
- information dissemination through the mail, moral reform movement protests, 5–6
- Islam, 37–38
- Judaism, 34, 38–39
- legal context see abortion, legal context
- medical procedures see abortion procedures
- number of abortions performed in criminal era, 15
- poor woman, high rate of abortions, 75–76
- practices see abortion, practice and practitioners
- practitioners see abortion, practice and practitioners
- procedures see abortion procedures
- Protestant denominations, 35, 39
- public opinion polls, American attitudes towards, 68
- reasons women give for having abortions, 75
- rights advocates, arguments, 67–68
- Roe v. Wade, legalization of abortion, 67–68
- separation of intercourse from reproduction, 4–5
- state law see abortion, state law
- Stupak Amendment, 153–54
- support, 14
- U.S. presidents, 17
- woman’s right to manage her own body, 67
- abortion, legal context,
26–33;
- abortion legislation, prior to Roe v. Wade, 26
- Adolescent Family Life Act, 31
- Bartlett Amendment of 1974, 29
- Bowen v. Kendrick, 31
- Bush, George W., 27, 32–33
- Congressional Research Service, 29
- federal court’s jurisdiction, 27
- federalism, 26
- Gonzales v. Carhart, 27, 33
- Griswold v. Connecticut legality of contraception, 11, 27, 29
- Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act of 1935, 27
- Harris v. McRae, 30
- Helms Amendment, 26
- Hyde Amendment, 30
- legality of contraception, 11, 27, 29
- legalization factors, 14
- Medicaid funding, 29–30
- men, right to participate in decisions, 143
- Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, 17, 27, 32–33
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 32, 143
- poor and low income women, abortion funding, 30
- reproductive right defined, 27
- rights created, alteration by subsequent rulings and legislation, 31–33
- Roe v. Wade, 28–29, 67–68
- Adolescent Family Life Act, 31
- Congressional response to decision, 29–30
- Supreme Court case, background and opinion, 28–29
- Rust v. Sullivan, 31–32
- Skinner v. Oklahoma, 27
- state court’s jurisdiction, 27
- state law see abortion, state law
- Sternberg v. Carhart, 32–33
- strict scrutiny standard and undue burden standard, 32
- subsequent rulings and legislation, 31–33
- Supreme Court, legal status of abortion, 27
- U.S. Constitution, 26
- Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 31
- abortion, practice and practitioners,
71–79; see also abortion
- abortion clinics, freestanding, 77–78
- abortion settings, 77–78
- ambulatory surgical center (ASC), 83
- anti-abortion movement, role of violence, 16
- arsonists, 16
- clinics, 77–78, 83–84
- clinics targeted, 16
- crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), state notice requirements, 84
- dangers and violence against practitioners, 78–79
- Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 83–84
- freestanding abortion clinics, 77–78
- geographic distribution of providers, 76–77
- licensing requirements for providers, 83
- medical schools, 79–80
- National Abortion Federation statistics, incidents against, 78
- Nuremberg Files, 16
- practitioners, dangers and violence against, 78–79
- providers, licensing requirements, 83
- providers and geographic distribution, statistics, 76–77
- state law, 82–84
- targeting abortion doctors, 16
- TRAP laws (Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws), 82–83
- violence against practitioners, 78–79
- abortion, state law,
80–85;
- abortion providers, licensing requirements, 83
- abortion rights movement today, 86–87
- Alabama, state law criminalizing abortion, 86
- ambulatory surgical center (ASC), abortion provider licensing requirements, 83
- Arizona law banning abortion after genetic testing, 109–10
- crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), state notice requirements, 84
- delay laws, 82
- exclusion of coverage, Hyde Amendment, 85
- Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 83–84
- genetic testing, Arizona law banning abortion after, 109–10
- health insurance plans to cover abortion, 84–85
- Hyde Amendment, 85
- legalized abortion, future of, 85–86
- licensing requirements for abortion providers, 83
- practice and practitioners, 82–84
- pre-abortion counseling, 81–82
- private insurance, 85
- Rhode Island, state law criminalizing abortion, 86
- telemedicine abortions, 80–81
- TRAP laws (Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws), 82–83
- waiting periods, 82
- abortion funding
- Bartlett Amendment of 1974, 29
- health care reform, 152–53
- Medicaid, 29–30
- Mexico City Policy (Global Gag Rule), 17, 124, 146–47
- National Network of Abortion Funds, 159
- poor and low income women, 30
- restriction of public funding for abortions, 29
- abortion procedures
- D&X procedure, 73–74
- late-term or later abortion, 74
- medical and surgical abortion, differences, 72–73
- number of weeks when typical abortion performed, 71–72
- partial birth abortion, 17, 27, 32–33, 73–74
- procedural safety, 74
- quickening, 4, 5
- self-induced abortion, 5
- surgical abortion, 72–73
- telemedicine abortions, 80–81
- therapeutic abortion, Islam, 38
- types of procedures, differences, 73–74
- women’s mental and physical health, procedural impact on, 67–69
- abstinence only sex education, 54–55
- Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, 120
- Adolescent Family Life Act, 31
- adoption,
114–20;
- Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, 120
- adoption agencies, 116–17
- birth mothers
- choice and choicelessness, 118, 119
- inter-country adoptions, choicelessness of poor women, 118
- vulnerable and resourceless birth mothers, 115
- China, 116, 117, 118, 119
- choice and choicelessness of birth mother, 118, 119
- costs, 117
- county percentages, statistics, 115–16
- Eisenstadt v. Baird, 114
- Ethiopia, 116, 117, 119
- family preservation, 119
- federal laws, 120
- foreign adoption, controversy, 117–20
- foreign born children, 116–17
- foster children, 115–16
- Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, 120
- Guatemala, 116, 118
- Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption (1993), 116, 119–20
- adoptions from countries that are not signatories, 120
- Haiti, 119
- homosexuals, 58, 117
- human rights advocates, 119–20
- infants, 115, 116–17
- laws governing U.S. adoption, 120
- LGBTQI persons, 58, 117
- mothers exercising “choice” in relinquishing children for adoption, 119
- national statistics of women who adopt, 117
- older children, adoption incentive, 120
- race matching, 117
- racial superiority and privilege, 118
- reclaiming attempts, inter-country adoption, 119
- Russia, 116
- same-sex couples, 58
- sexual orientation, 117
- single motherhood, stigma, 114
- single person adoption, 117
- single person right to posses and use birth control, 114
- single/unmarried pregnancy, 50–51
- South Korea, 116
- special needs children, adoption incentive, 120
- state laws, 120
- statistics, 115–17
- teenage pregnancy, 50–51
- Ukraine, 116
- U.S. adoption practice, 114–16
- U.S. born infants, 115
- U.S. women gaining reproductive rights, impact, 117–18
- women who adopt, statistics, 117
- adoption agencies, 116–17
- Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010)
- birthing, 133, 134
- breast-feeding, 140
- contraception, 162
- health care reform, 151–53
- licensed birthing centers, 133
- pregnancy and newborn care, as essential health benefits, 134
- Supreme Court, affirmance of constitutionality, 151
- African American children
- foster care option, higher frequency of placements, 48–49
- African American communities, midwives, 134
- African Americans
- environmental racism, 127
- welfare recipients, legitimacy of claims questioned, 47
- African American women
- feminism, 21, 23, 24
- maternal health care crisis in the U.S., 138
- Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program, 47
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 47–48
- Alabama, state law criminalizing abortion, 86
- Alabama Code, anti-miscegenation, 7–8
- Alaska, contaminated military sites, 124
- alcohol and tobacco, 46
- ambulatory surgical center (ASC), abortion provider licensing requirements, 83
- American Baptist Churches, 35
- American Birth Control League (Planned Parenthood), 10, 12, 22
- American Medical Association
- criminalization of abortion in U.S., 4
- endorsement of birth control, 11, 22
- midwives, 134
- American Psychological Association (APA) Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion, 68–69
- American terminology origins, 155–57
- Amnesty International study, high maternal death rates, 138–39
- anesthesia, birthing, 132–33, 137
- Anthony, Susan B.
- Declaration of Sentiments (Seneca Falls, 1848), 20
- opposition to abortion, 19–20, 58
- opposition to contraceptives, 20
- anti-abortion movement
- activism, 16
- Anthony, Susan B., reasons for opposing abortion, 58
- anti-abortion candidate election support, 16
- arguments to support, 55–56, 66–67
- abortion as murder, 67
- arsonists, 16
- Bartlett Amendment of 1974, 29
- clinics targeted, 16
- danger to a woman’s health, unproven claim, 67
- emergence, 15–16
- Feminists for Life (FFL) organization, 57–58
- First Wave feminists, 66
- health care reform, 153–54
- Horsley, Neal, 16
- illegal abortion era arguments, 66
- life begins at conception, 55–56, 66
- National Right to Life Committee, 16
- 19th century abolitionist movement, fetus compared to slave, 56–57
- Nuremberg Files, 16
- perceived values crisis, 15
- post-Roe v. Wade reactions, 15–16
- Pro-Life Legal Affairs Committee created by National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 16
- Republicans, 16
- targeting abortion doctors, 16
- threat to chastity and moral authority, 66
- violence, role of, 16
- anti-miscegenation, 6, 7–8
- Arizona
- abortion after genetic testing, banned, 109–10
- immigration law, 42
- arsonists, anti-abortion movement, 16
- ART. see assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
- artificial insemination, 102, 108
- Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice, 159
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART),
101–5;
- artificial insemination, 102, 108
- class privilege, 111
- cryopreservation of sperm and eggs (freezing), 103
- “donors,” 110
- embryos, deselection, 109
- ethical issues, 103
- ethical questions, unresolved, 109–12
- fertility clinics, highly commercialized environment, 104
- fertility enhancing drugs, 102
- fetus, deselection, 111
- gay parenting, 102
- health insurance coverage, 104–5
- health issues, 103
- individual responsibility vs. social responsibility, 111
- infertile men and women, 101
- insurance coverage, 104–5
- issue of choice, 110
- LGBTQI persons, 101, 102, 104
- payment to facilitate reproduction, 110–11
- pregnancy for profit, 110
- reproductively challenged persons, 101
- reproductive rights concept, 101–2
- reproductive tourism, 104
- sex or race selection, 109–10
- single men and women, 101
- single motherhood, 102
- society, impact of wrong reproductive decisions, 111–12
- state and federal regulation, 104
- stratified reproduction, 110–11
- technology as market driven activity, 110–11
- unregulated nature of industry, 112
- in vitro fertilization, 102, 103
B
- Bahrain, 38
- Baird v. Eisenstadt, 11
- Bartlett Amendment of 1974, 29
- Benin, abortion, 38
- Benjamin, Regina M. (“Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding”), 139
- birth control pill. see the pill
- birthing,
132–38;
- Affordable Care Act, 133, 134
- anesthesia, 132–33, 137
- Bradley training, 133
C
- caesarian section, increasing rate, 135–37
- nonmedical reasons, 136
- risks, 137
- vaginal birth after c-section, 136–37
- Dick-Read, Grantly (Childbirth without Fear: The Principles and Practices of Natural Childbirth), 137–38
- economics of pregnancy, 133–34
- health insurance, pregnancy as prexisting condition, 134
- home birth, 1900s, 132
- Lamaze, Fernand, 138
- Lamaze training, 133
- licensed birthing centers, 133
- Medicaid eligibility, 134
- midwives, 134–35
- natural childbirth, 137–38
- normal or uncomplicated births, 133
- options, 132–34
- pregnancy, prexisting condition, 134
- pregnancy and newborn care, as essential health benefits, 134
- settings babies are born in, 132–34
- single-birth vaginal delivery, study, 132–33
- undocumented women and immigrants, 133–34
- birthing centers
- midwives, 133
- birth mothers
- adoption, 115, 118, 119
- inter-country adoptions, choicelessness of poor women, 118
- birth rate, beginning of 19th Century, 10
- bi-sexual. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons
- Bishop Spaulding of Baltimore, 36
- Black National Men
- reaction to the pill, 24
- Black Panthers
- reaction to the pill, 24
- black women. see women of color
- Black Women for Reproductive Justice, 159
- Boston Women’s Health Collective (Our Bodies, Ourselves), 25
- Bowen v. Kendrick, 31
- Bradley training, 133
- breast cancer, claim of association with abortion disproved, 69–70
- breast-feeding,
139–40;
- Affordable Care Act, 140
- as contraception, 63
- environmental health risks, 139
- expressing milk with breast-pumps while at work, employer requirements, 140
- infant health, relationship, 139–40
- lactation education, 152
- Mohawks, toxins contaminating food chain, 127
- public breast-feeding, states laws, 140
- Brooke, Edward, 30
- Brown, John, 57
- Buck, Carrie, 8–9
- Buck v. Bell, 8–9
- Burkina Faso, abortion, 38
- Bush, George H.W., 17
- Bush, George W.
- abortion, 17
- abstinence only sex education, funding for, 54
- Helms Amendment, 147
- Mexico City policy (global gag rule), reinstatement, 17
- Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, 17, 27, 32–33
- promotion of pro-life policies, 17
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 148–49
- caesarian section (c-section)
- increasing rate, 135–37
- nonmedical reasons for procedure, 136
- risks, 137
- vaginal birth after c-section, 136–37
- “Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding” (Regina M. Benjamin), 139
- campaign building, reproductive choice organizations, 159
- Carter, Jimmy, 17
- Carver, Thomas Nixon, 22
- Catholic Church, contraception and abortion,
34, 36–37, 39;
- Bishop Spaulding of Baltimore, 36
- Catholics for Choice, 36
- Curran, Charles (“Human Life in Our Day”), 36
- fetal personhood, 56
- Guttmacher Institute study, 37
- Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, 36
- life begins at conception, concept, 56
- Pew Research Center study, legality of abortion, 39–40
- the pill, objection and response to, 36–37
- Pro-Life Legal Affairs Committee created by National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 16
- Vatican, position and perspective, 36–37
- Catholics for Choice, 36
- Chad, abortion, 38
- chemical exposure, harmful effects, 121–24
- chemical mixtures, exposure, 123
- chemical production industry, 121
- chemical substances, 46
- Childbirth without Fear: The Principles and Practices of Natural Childbirth (Grantly Dick-Read), 137–38
- child-protective services,
48–49;
- poor parents, cultural misunderstandings and bias-driven problems, 49
- Children by Choice demonstration, 155
- children out of wedlock, 99
- China, adoption, 116, 117, 118, 119
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 6
- choice,
2–3;
- adoption, 118, 119
- American terminology origins, 155–57
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 110
- genetic testing, 106
- personal choice, 2–3
- public vs. private debate of sex and reproduction, 2–3
- terminology origin, 155–57
- Christianity, abortion and contraception, 34
- Civil Liberties and Public Policy Program Hampshire College, 159
- class privilege, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 111
- Clinton, Bill
- Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 17, 83
- Mexico City Policy (global gag rule), lifted, 17
- support of abortion rights, 17
- Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), 48
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), family planning program, 146
- welfare policy, 48
- coerced sterilization, 12–13
- Coffee, Linda, 28
- Columbia-Presbyterian-Sloan Hospital, New York
- midwives, 134
- Combahee River Collective, reaction to the pill, 23
- Committee for Abortion Rights and against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 12, 23
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDWA), 149
- Committee to End Sterilization Abuse (CESA), 12, 158
- community activists, environmental issues, 124
- Comstock, Anthony, 5–6, 35
- Comstock Law, 11, 20
- Congressional Research Service, 29
- conscience clause, 59–60
- contraception,
61–65;
- abortion see headings under abortion
- advocates, 21
- Affordable Care Act, 162
- American attitudes, 164
- American Birth Control League (Planned Parenthood), 10, 12, 22
- American Medical Association, endorsement of birth control, 11, 22
- Anthony, Susan B.; opposition to contraceptives, 20
- Baird v. Eisenstadt, 11
- birth control pill see the pill, this group
- breast-feeding as contraception, 63
- Catholic-affiliated institutions, objections to President Obama’s directive, 162–63
- Catholic Church, contraception and abortion, 11, 34, 36–37, 39
- Comstock Law, 11, 20
- conscience clause, 59–60
- Depo-Provera, 61, 62
- dispensing to contraceptives to unmarried couples, 11
- emergency contraception, 61–62
- eugenics, contraception linked to, 21–22
- family planning programs see family planning programs
- federal ban on birth control lifted, 11
- federal government, 64
- federal workers insurance coverage, 1998 legislation, 64
- feminism, development of contraception ideas, 20–23
- feminists, male contraception, 63
- fertility, early attempts to control, 9–10
- forms of contraception used, 61
- The Great Depression, 10, 21
- Griswold v. Connecticut, 11, 27, 29
- Guttmacher, Alan, 22
- health insurance plans to cover contraception for women, free of charge, 162–64
- information regarding, Labor Unions, 22–23
- Islam, reproductive control teachings, 37–38
- Judaism, abortion and contraception, 34, 38–39
- Labor Unions, 22–23
- legality of contraception, 11, 27, 29
- legalizing process, 10–11
- long-acting contraceptives, controversy surrounding, 62
- male hormonal contraception, 63
- moral reform movements, contraception information sent through the mail, 5–6
- National Birth Control League, Mary Ware Dennett, 10
- Norplant, 62
- Obama, Barack; health insurance directive, 162–64
- One Package of Japanese Pessaries; U.S. v., 11
- the pill, 11
- Catholic Church, 36–37
- reactions to, 23–24
- pregnancy affirmed, 61–62
- Protestant denominations, 35
- Protestant moral reformers, public opposition to contraception, 35
- respectable women, 21–22
- rights, 162–64
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 11
- teenagers, access to contraceptives, 52
- Title X, Family Planning Program, 64
- unintended pregnancies, annual cost to taxpayers, 64–65
- unmarried couples, 11
- urbanization factors, 20–21
- U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, 163
- usage statistics, 61
- women of color, birth control campaigns as genocide, 11
- Young Rubber Corp. v. C.I. Lee & Co. Inc., 10
- crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), state notice requirements, 84
- cryopreservation of sperm and eggs (freezing)
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 103
- c-section. see caesarian section (c-section)
- Curran, Charles (“Human Life in Our Day”), 36
D
- Davis, Angela, 23
- day-care funding, 45, 46
- Declaration of Sentiments (Seneca Falls, 1848), 20
- delay laws, abortion, 82
- Dennett, Mary Ware, 10, 21–22
- Depo-Provera, 61, 62, 158
- DES (diethylstilbestrol), 100, 122
- developed countries, consumption, environmental issues, 125–26
- diaphragm, cost in 1885, 6
- Dick-Read, Grantly (Childbirth without Fear: The Principles and Practices of Natural Childbirth), 137–38
- diethylstilbestrol (DES),
100, 122;
- disability
- consumerist lingua franca, 130
- cultural context, 128–29
- deselection and abortion, 130
- dignity of disabled persons, 131
- Disability Justice Collective, 129
- fertility industry, 130
- genetic testing, disabled persons opinions, 107
- prenatal diagnostics, 129–31
- reproductive choices, 129–31
- reproductive restrictions, 128–29
- ultrasound and amniocentesis, 130
- valuation of bodies, 130
- women with disabilities (WWD), 128–31
- Disability Justice Collective, 129
- dissemination of information, criminalized by Protestant denominations, 35
- doctors and providers, abortion. see abortion, practice and practitioners
- The Doctor’s Case against the Pill (Barbara Seaman), 25
- domestic violence, 143–44
- Douglas, William O., 27
- drug policies, 46–47
- D&X abortion procedure, 73–74
E
- economics of pregnancy, 133–34
- Eisenstadt v. Baird, 114
- embryo deselection, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 109
- emergency contraception, 61–62
- environmental contaminants, effects on reproductive health in U.S., 121–24
- environmental issues,
121–27;
- breast-feeding, 139
- chemical exposure, harmful effects, 121–24
- chemical mixtures, exposure, 123
- chemical production industry, 121
- community activists, 124
- consumption, developed countries, 125–26
- contaminated military sites, Alaska and New Mexico, 124
- deterioration of Americans reproductive health, 122–23
- diethylstilbestrol (DES), 100, 122
- environmental contaminants, effects on reproductive health in U.S., 121–24
- environmental justice movement, 126
- environmental racism and examples, 124, 126–27
- Erlich, Paul and Anne (The Population Bomb), 124–25
- fetuses, thalidomide, 14, 122
- global sustainability, 124–26
- indigenous communities, 124, 127
- Kelsey, Frances, 122
- medical and solid waste incinerators, California, 124
- nail salon workers, chemical exposure, 124
- overpopulation, 126
- population growth, 124–26
- Social Security Act of 1935, 126
- socioeconomic and racial disparities, 124, 126–27
- thalidomide, fetal deformities, 14, 122
- Toxic Substances Control Act, 121
- toxic waste sites, remediation demands, 127
- vulnerable women, implications of environmental perspectives, 126–27
- environmental justice movement, 126
- environmental racism and examples, 124, 126–27
- Episcopal Church, 35
- Erlich, Paul and Anne (The Population Bomb), 124–25
- ethics, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 103, 109–12
- Ethiopia, adoption, 116, 117, 119
- eugenic laws,
7–9;
- Buck v. Bell, 8–9
- eugenically motivated sterilizations, 8–9
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 9
- “unfit” defined under, 8
- eugenics
- contraception linked to, 21–22
- genetic testing, 106
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 35
F
- families,
98–100;
- children out of wedlock, 99
- homosexual relationships, 99, 100
- LGBTQI persons, 99, 100
- mid 20th century, non-traditional families, 99
- new family forms, 99–100
- religious institutions, 99
- statistics, traditional and nontraditional families, 99
- traditional families, 98
- family building. see reproductive technologies
- family leave, 45, 46
- family planning programs
- Title X, Family Planning Program, 64
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 147–49
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 145–47
- family preservation, adoption, 119
- federalism, 26
- federal workers insurance coverage, contraception, 64
- feminism,
18–25;
- African American women, 21, 23, 24
- Anthony, Susan B., 19–20
- Boston Women’s Health Collective (Our Bodies, Ourselves), 25
- contraception ideas, development, 20–23
- Declaration of Sentiments (Seneca Falls, 1848), 20
- Dennett, Mary Ware, 21–22
- feminist activists in support reproductive rights, 1960s and 1970s, 24–25
- First Wave feminists (1848–1920), 1, 19, 66
- forums for public education, pre-Roe v. Wade, 25
- men, harmful to men’s interest and status, 142–43
- National Abortions Rights Action League, 24
- National Black Feminist Organization, reaction to the pill, 23
- National Organization for Women, 24
- the pill, reactions to, 23–24
- Planned Parenthood, 24
- poor women, 22–23
- public hearings, 25
- Sanger, Margaret, 21–22, 23
- Second Wave feminists, 1, 9, 19, 144
- sexual revolution, 23
- speak outs, 25
- Third Wave feminists, 19
- urbanization, 19, 20–21
- voluntary motherhood concept, 1, 19
- women of color, 22–24
- feminists
- Feminists for Life (FFL) organization, 57–58
- genetic testing, differing opinions, 106
- male contraception, 63
- Feminists for Life (FFL) organization, 57–58
- fertility
- contraception, early attempts to control, 9–10
- infertility causes, 100–101
- poor women, during criminal era resisted attempts to control, 10
- fertility clinics, 104
- Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, 104
- fertility enhancing drugs, 102
- fertility industry, 130
- fetal abuse, use of controlled substances by pregnant woman, 91–92
- fetal health, 46–47
- fetal rights,
46, 90–93;
- concept as violation of constitutional protections of pregnant women, 92
- controlled substances, use by pregnant women, 91–92
- critiques of rights, 92–93
- defining pregnant women as violators of fetal rights, impact/potential results of, 93
- development of rights in society, 90
- drug policies, 46
- fetal abuse, use of controlled substances by pregnant woman, 91–92
- legal tests of rights, 90–92
- poor and low-income women, 91–92
- practice of fetal medicine, 90–91
- rights and interests of pregnant woman and fetus, alleged conflict, 92–93
- unequal treatment of pregnant women under the law, 92
- workplace policies, contact with toxic substances, 91
- fetuses,
88–97;
- American culture and law, 1920s, 93–94
- anti-abortion campaigns, focus on fetus, 88–90
- anti-abortion concerns, fetus as focal point, 88–89
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), deselection of fetus, 111
- Colautti v. Franklin (1979), 97
- deselection of fetus, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 111
- Dietrich v. Northampton (1884), 89
- differing attitudes and opinions of fetus across professions, 88–89
- drug policies, fetal health, 46–47
- fetal homicide, 93–94
- fetal homicide laws, possibility of facilitation of criminalization of abortion, 93
- fetal pain, evidence, 94–96
- fetal person defined as a slave in the womb, 56–57
- fetal personhood, 56, 89–90
- fetal photographs by Lennart Nilsson, impact, 89
- fetal rights, 90–93
- fetal viability, 96–97
- genetic testing, deselection of fetus, 105
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell, opinion in Dietrich v. Northampton (1884), 89
- as independent entity, 89
- informed consent laws, 95–96
- life begins at conception, concept, 55–56, 66
- Missouri v. Danforth (1976), 96–97
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 95–96
- pregnant woman’s behaviors and duties, 90
- pregnant women and fetus rights and interests, alleged conflict, 92–93
- propaganda, 94–95
- Protestant denominations, 35
- religion, establishment of personhood or ensoulment, 34
- Roe v. Wade, 89–90
- scientific objection to association of pain with a fetus, 95–96
- “The Silent Scream,” 94–95
- slavery, fetus compared to slave, 56–57
- thalidomide, fetal deformities, 14, 122
- Finkbine, Sherri, 14
- First Amendment’s “establishment clause,” freedom of religion, 40
- First Wave feminists, 1, 19, 66
- forced motherhood, 2
- Ford, Gerald, 17
- foreign adoption
- adoption following social upheaval or following protracted wars, 118
- advocates of inter-country adoption, 118–19
- American women’s choice dependent on choicelessness of poor women, 118
- controversy, 117–20
- criticism of practice, 118
- Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption (1993), 116, 119–20
- racial tolerance, 119
- reclaiming attempts, inter-country adoption, 119
- foreign born children, adoption, 116–17
- foster care option, 48–49
- African American children, higher frequency of placement, 48–49
- federal funding mandates, harmful effects, 49
- foster children, adoption, 115–16
- Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, 120
- Fourteenth Amendment
- birthright citizenship, 43–44
- “liberty” guarantee as basis of right to privacy, 1
- “The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study,” 52
- Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 83–84
- freedom of religion, First Amendment’s “establishment clause,” 40
- Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 57
G
- “gay” gene, 107
- gay parenting, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 102
- gays. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons
- gender-based wage disparities, 46
- gender rating, health care reform, 152
- genetic counseling, 105
- genetic testing,
105–7;
- abortion after genetic testing, Arizona law banning, 109–10
- deselection of fetus, 105
- different group responses to testing, 106–7
- disabled persons, opinions, 107
- ethicists, opinion, 106
- eugenics, 106
- feminists, differing opinions, 106
- “gay” gene, 107
- genetic counseling, 105
- idea of choice, 106
- LGBTQI persons, opinions, 106–7
- perfect children ideal, 105, 107
- reasons for testing, 105
- reprogenetics, 106
- scientific racism, 107
- genocide promotion claims
- reaction to the pill, 24
- women of color, 11
- Gesell, Gerhart, 12
- gestational surrogacy, 108
- Global Gag Rule (Mexico City Policy), 17, 124, 146–47
- global reproductive health and us programs and politics, 145–49
- global sustainability, 124–26
- Goldman, Emma, 21
- Gonzales v. Carhart, 27, 33
- Grant, Madison, 8
- The Great Depression
- contraception, 7, 10, 21
- Griswold v. Connecticut, 11, 27, 29
- Guatemala, adoption, 116, 118
- Guinea, abortion, 38
- Gunn, David, 83
- Guttmacher, Alan, 22
- Guttmacher Institute, 37, 84–85
H
- Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act of 1935, 27
- Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption (1993), 116, 119–20
- Haiti, adoption, 119
- Harper’s Ferry arsenal attack, 57
- Harris v. McRae, 30
- health care
- Affordable Care Act see Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010)
- maternal health, crisis see maternal health care crisis in the U.S.
- reform see health care reform
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 103
- Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, 150–54
- health care reform,
150–54; see also Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010)
- abortion funding, 152–53
- Affordable Care Act, 151–53
- Supreme Court, affirmance of constitutionality, 151
- anti-abortion amendments, 153–54
- gaps in health care system, 150–51
- gender rating, 152
- Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, 150–54
- Hyde Amendment, 152
- Medicaid coverage, 151
- physician referrals, 152
- prior/pre-existing conditions, 152
- Stupak Amendment, 153–54
- subsidized insurance, 151
- teenage pregnancy rate in U.S., 150
- U.S. health care system, 150–51
- woman of child bearing age, lack of insurance, 150–51
- health insurance coverage
- abortion, state law, 84–85
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 104–5
- contraception for women, free of charge, 162–64
- pregnancy, prexisting condition, 134
- health problems, men, 141–42
- Helms Amendment, 146–47
- Hispanic women, reaction to the pill, 23–24
- HIV/AIDS prevention, 148
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell
- opinion in Buck v. Bell, 9
- opinion in Dietrich v. Northampton (1884), 89
- home birth, 1900s, 132
- homosexuals see also LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons)
- Horsley, Neal, 16
- hospital abortion boards, 13
- Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, 36
- “Human Life in Our Day” (Charles Curran), 36
- human rights advocates, adoption, 119–20
- Huntington, Ellsworth, 22
- Hyde, Henry, 85
- Hyde Amendment, 2, 30, 44, 85, 152
I
- immigrants and immigration,
6–7; see also population issues
- anti-miscegenation, 6
- Arizona immigration law, 42
- best material for citizenship, 7
- birthing, undocumented women and immigrants, 133–34
- The Great Depression, Mexican workers blamed for and repatriated, 7
- illegal immigrants and citizenship, 42
- immigrant women, 44
- immigration, Arizona legislation, 42
- Immigration Act (National Origins Act), 6
- nail salon workers, chemical exposure, 124
- population growth and immigration in the U.S., 41–43
- population issues, immigrant women, 44
- Subcommittee on Selective Immigration of the Eugenics Committee, 7
- undocumented women and immigrants, birthing, 133–34
- Immigration Act (National Origins Act), 6
- Indiana, first state to pass eugenic laws, 8
- indigenous communities, environmental issues, 124, 127
- individual responsibility vs. social responsibility
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 111
- infant health, breast-feeding, 139–40
- infants, adoption, 115, 116–17
- infertile men and women, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101
- infertility causes, 100–101
- International Conference on Population in Mexico City, 146
- intersex persons. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons)
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 102, 103
- Lupron, side effects, 103
- surrogacy, 108
- Iran, abortion, 38
- Islam, contraception and abortion,
37–38;
- Bahrain, 38
- consent, 38
- health care costs, 38
- Iran, therapeutic abortion, 38
- Khameneii, Ayatollah, 37
- Organization of Islamic Conference, 38
- overpopulation, 38
- Quran, stages of embryonic development, 37
- reaction to the pill, 24
- reproductive control teachings, 37–38
- Shiite authorities, 37, 38
- Sunni schools of thought, 37, 38
- therapeutic abortion, 38
J
- Janet Collective, 14
- Javits, Jacob, 30
- Johnson, Lyndon
- Great New Society Legislation, 29
- welfare policy, 47
- Johnson, Roswell, 8
- Judaism, abortion and contraception, 34, 38–39
K
- Kaiser Family Foundation studies, 84–85
- Kelsey, Frances, 122
- Khameneii, Ayatollah, 37
- Kuwait, abortion, 38
L
- Labor Unions, source of contraception information, 22–23
- Lamaze, Fernand, 138
- lactating/nursing. see breast-feeding
- Lamaze training, 133
- language, American terminology origins, 155–57
- late-term or later abortion, 74
- Latina women, gender-based wage disparities, 46
- Latinos, environmental racism, 127
- legal chemical substances, 46
- legitimate mothers, defined, 1
- lesbians. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons
- LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons),
99, 100;
- adoption, 58, 117
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101, 104
- “gay” gene, 107
- genetic testing, 106–7
- homosexuality and families, evolving attitudes and policies, 58–59
- homosexual relationships, 99, 100
- as parents in U.S., evolving attitudes and policies, 58–59
- licensing requirements for abortion providers, state law, 83
- life begins at conception, concept, 55–56, 66
- long-acting contraceptives, controversy surrounding, 62
- Lupron, side effects, 103
M
- male hormonal contraception, 63
- maternal health care crisis in the U.S.,
138–39;
- Medicaid eligible women, delays in access to services, 138
- shortage areas, 139
- uninsured women of childbearing age, 138–39
- women of color, 138
- maternity and reproductive services, immigrant women, 44
- McCorvey, Norma (“Jane Roe”), 28
- Medicaid
- coverage, health care reform, 151
- eligibility, birthing, 134
- eligible women, delays in access to services, 138
- funding, 29–30
- Hyde Amendment, 2, 30, 44, 85, 152
- immigrant women, 44
- prohibition of Medicaid funds for abortion, 2, 30, 44, 85, 152
- medical and solid waste incinerators, California, 124
- medical and surgical abortion, differences, 72–73
- men,
141–44;
- abortion, right to participate in decisions
- Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey, 143
- commodification, 141–42
- domestic violence, 143–44
- feminist movement, harmful to men’s interest and status, 142–43
- health problems, 141–42
- male hormonal contraception, 63
- Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey, 143
- race and class bias, 142
- reproductive decision making, men’s role, 142–43
- reproductive rights, 141–42
- Second Wave feminists, 144
- sexual violence, 144
- violence against women, interaction with reproductive issues, 143–44
- Mexican workers and The Great Depression, 7
- Mexico City Policy (Global Gag Rule), 17, 124, 146–47
- middle class women, reproductive choice organizations, 158–59
- midwives, 134–35
- military sites, contaminated, 124
- miscegenation. see anti-miscegenation
- Mississippi, abstinence only sex education, 55
- Missouri v. Danforth (1976), 96–97
- Mohawks, environmental racism, 127
- moral beliefs, conscience clause, 59–60
- moral reform movements, 5–6
N
- nail salon workers, chemical exposure, 124
- Nathanson, Bernard, 94–95
- National Abortion Rights Action League, 24, 155
- National Advocates for Pregnant Women, 159
- National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, 159
- National Association of Evangelicals, 35
- National Birth Control League, 10
- National Black Feminist Organization, 23, 158
- National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health, 159
- National Network of Abortion Funds, 159
- National Organization for Women, 24
- National Origins Act (Immigration Act), 6
- National Right to Life Committee, 16
- National Welfare Rights Organization, 12
- National Women’s Health Network, 159
- Native American women, 138
- natural childbirth, 137–38
- new family forms, 99–100
- New Mexico, contaminated military sites, 124
- New Testament, contraception and abortion, 34
- Nixon, Richard
- abortion, 17
- welfare policy, 47
- nontraditional families, 99
- Norplant, 62
- Nuremberg Files, 16
- nursing/lactating. see breast-feeding
O
- Obama, Barack
- abortion, 17
- contraception, health insurance directive, 162–64
- Helms Amendment, 147
- Mexico City Policy (global gag rule), rescinded, 17
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 149
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 147
- Old Testament, contraception and abortion, 34
- One Package of Japanese Pessaries; U.S. v., 11
- Organization of Islamic Conference, 38
- Orthodox Jews, 39
- Our Bodies, Ourselves (Boston Women’s Health Collective), 25
P
- paid parental leave, 45
- partial birth abortion, 17, 27, 32–33, 73–74
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. see Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010)
- PCB filled open lagoons, 127
- personal choice, 2–3
- Pew Research Center study, legality of abortion, 39–40
- pharmacies, conscience clause, 59–60
- physician referrals, health care reform, 152
- the pill,
11;
- Catholic Church, 36–37
- reactions to, 23–24
- Seaman, Barbara (The Doctor’s Case against the Pill), 25
- Planned Parenthood (f/k/a American Birth Control League), 10, 12, 22
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 32, 143
- political impact and decision making power, 1
- poor women
- abortion funding, 30
- feminism, 22–23
- fertility, during criminal era resisted attempts to control, 10
- pregnant and drug addicted women, negative effects of criminalization, 47
- Popenoe, Paul, 8
- Pope Pius IX, Catholic Church censure of abortions, 56
- population control claims, reaction to the pill, 24
- population issues,
41–44;
- birth rate, 41, 43
- birthright citizenship, 42, 43–44
- Census Bureau reports, 42
- effects of immigration, 41–43
- environmental issues, 124–26
- Fourteenth Amendment, 43–44
- Hispanic and Asian populations in U.S., 42
- illegal immigrants and citizenship, 42
- immigrant women, 44
- immigration, Arizona legislation, 42
- immigration system, 42
- International Conference on Population in Mexico City, 146
- opposition to immigration, 42–43
- overpopulation
- abortion support by groups opposing overpopulation, 14
- environmental issues, 126
- Islam, contraception and abortion, 38
- The Population Bomb (Paul and Anne Erlich), 124–25
- population crisis debate, 41–42
- population growth, environmental issues, 124–26
- population growth and immigration in the U.S., 41–43
- Social Security, 41, 42
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 147–49
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 146
- post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome, 69
- pre-abortion counseling, state law, 81–82
- pre-born child. see fetuses
- pregnancy
- single person see single/unmarried pregnancy
- teenagers see teenage pregnancy
- unmarried persons see single/unmarried pregnancy
- pregnant women and fetus rights and interests, alleged conflict, 92–93
- prior/pre-existing conditions, health care reform, 152
- private insurance to cover abortion, 85
- privilege
- adoption, racial superiority and privilege, 118
- class privilege, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 111
- Pro-Life Legal Affairs Committee created by National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 16
- Protestant denominations
- abortion, 35, 39
- Comstock, Anthony, 35
- contraception, 35
- dissemination of information, criminalized, 35
- fetus, establishment of personhood or ensoulment, 34
- moral reformers, public opposition to contraception, 35
- public education forums, pre-Roe v. Wade, 25
- public hearings, feminism, 25
- public policy,
45–49;
- Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program, 47
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 47–48
- child-protective services, 48–49
- poor parents, cultural misunderstandings and bias-driven problems, 49
- day-care funding, 45, 46
- drug policies, 46–47
- family leave, 45, 46
- foster care option, 48–49
- gender-based wage disparities, 46
- Latina women, gender-based wage disparities, 46
- paid parental leave, 45
- public vs. private debate of sex and reproduction, 2–3
- Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), 48
- welfare policy, 47–48
- public vs. private debate of sex and reproduction, 2–3
Q
- Qatar, abortion, 38
- queer. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons)
- quickening, 4, 5
- Quran, stages of embryonic development, 37
R
- race and class bias, men, 142
- race matching, adoption, 117
- racial superiority and privilege, adoption, 118
- racism, eugenic laws, 8
- Reagan, Ronald
- abortion, 17
- fetal pain, evidence, 94
- Helms Amendment, 146
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 148
- welfare policy, 47
- Reform Judaism, 39
- religion,
34–40;
- Catholic Church, contraception and abortion, 34, 36–37, 39
- Christianity, abortion and contraception, 34
- conscience clause, 59–60
- education level vs. religion, 39
- fetus, establishment of personhood or ensoulment, 34
- First Amendment’s “establishment clause,” guaranteeing religious freedom; affect, 40
- ideological origins, 34–35
- impact on U.S. women, 39–40
- Islam, contraception and abortion, 37–38
- Judaism, abortion and contraception, 34, 38–39
- New Testament, contraception and abortion, 34
- Old Testament, contraception and abortion, 34
- Pew Research Center, 39–40
- Protestant denominations, abortion, 35, 39
- Protestant moral reformers, public opposition to contraception, 35
- reproductive choice organizations,
157–59;
- campaign building, 159
- Committee to End Sterilization Abuse, 158
- contraception of choice, 158
- Depo-Provera, 158
- drug company accountability for safety of contraceptive products, 158
- evolution in focus of efforts, 158–60
- middle class women, 158–59
- National Black Feminist Organization, 23, 158
- poor women and women of color, representing interests of, 159–60
- post-generation Roe v. Wade, 158
- right to use contraceptives and obtain abortions, 158
- sterilization, 158
- reproductive decision making, men’s role, 142–43
- reproductive health of Americans, deterioration
- environmental issues, 122–23
- reproductive justice movement, 159–61
- reproductively challenged persons
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101
- reproductive politics, defined, 1–2
- reproductive right, defined,
27;
- men, 141–42
- reproductive rights concept
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101–2
- reproductive technologies,
98–112;
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101–5, 109–12
- genetic testing, 105–7
- infertility causes, 100–101
- surrogacy, 107–9
- reproductive tourism, 104
- reprogenetics. see genetic testing
- Republicans, anti-abortion movement, 16
- respectable women and contraception, 21–22
- Rhode Island, state law criminalizing abortion, 86
- “rights” American terminology origins, 155, 156–57
- “right to life” American terminology origins, 156–57
- right to privacy, Fourteenth Amendment, 1
- Roberts, Dorothy, 118
- Roeder, Scott, 78
- Roe v. Wade,
1, 28–29, 67–68;
- background, 28
- Congressional response to decision, 29–30
- fetuses, 89–90
- Griswold v. Connecticut, 11, 27, 29
- McCorvey, Norma (“Jane Roe”), 28
- rights created, alteration by subsequent rulings and legislation, 31–33
- strict scrutiny standard and undue burden standard, 32
- subsequent rulings and legislation, 31–33
- Supreme Court opinion, 28–29
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., contraception, 11
- Ross, Edward A., 22
- Ross, Loretta, 160
- Russia, adoption, 116
- Rust v. Sullivan, 31–32
S
- same-sex couples in U.S., evolving attitudes and policies, 58–59; see also LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons)
- Sanger, Margaret,
21–22;
- the pill, reaction to, 23
- Planned Parenthood Federation of America (f/k/a American Birth Control League), 10, 22
- scientific racism
- genetic testing, 107
- Seaman, Barbara (The Doctor’s Case against the Pill), 25
- Second Wave feminists,
1;
- feminism, 19
- men, sexual and domestic violence awareness, 144
- voluntary sterilization, 9
- self-induced abortion, 5
- sex and reproduction, public vs. private debate of, 2–3
- sex or race selection, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 109–10
- sexual debut, 54, 55
- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), abstinence only sex education, 54, 55
- sexual orientation, adoption, 117
- sexual revolution
- feminism, 23
- reaction to the pill, 23
- sexual violence, men, 144
- Shiite authorities, 37, 38
- single-birth vaginal delivery, study, 132–33
- single men and women, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 101
- single motherhood
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 102
- stigma, 114
- single person adoption, 117
- single/unmarried pregnancy
- adoption, 50–51
- affect on children, 52–53
- “The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study,” 52
- penalties and punishment, 50–51
- post-WW II, change in societal attitudes, 50–51
- poverty, impact, 51, 53
- poverty rates, 53
- race and class issues, 50–51
- rates of unwed childbearing in U.S., statistics, 51
- rise in unmarried pregnancy and motherhood, international trend, 51
- Sister Song organization, 159–61, 160–61
- Skinner v. Oklahoma, 27
- slaves, fetus compared to, 56–57
- Social Security Act of
1935;
- environmental issues, 126
- population issues, 41, 42
- societal attitudes, impact
- public vs. private debate of sex and reproduction, 2–3
- Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), 104
- Southern Baptist Convention, 35
- South Korea, adoption, 116
- speak outs, feminism, 25
- special needs children, adoption incentive, 120
- St. Lawrence River, 127
- state laws
- abortion see abortion, state law
- adoption, 120
- assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 104
- public breast-feeding, 140
- stem cell research, 112–13
- sterilization
- abuse, women of color, 11–13
- Buck, Carrie, 8–9
- Buck v. Bell, 8–9
- coerced sterilization, 12–13
- Committee for Abortion Rights and against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 12, 23
- Committee to End Sterilization Abuse (CESA), 12, 158
- eugenically motivated sterilizations, 8–9
- Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act of 1935, 27
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 9
- involuntary sterilization and forced abortion claims, 148
- reproductive choice organizations, 158
- Second Wave feminists, voluntary sterilization, 9
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 148
- voluntary sterilization, 9
- women of color, sterilization abuse, 11–13
- Sternberg v. Carhart, 32–33
- Stewart, Potter, 30
- Stoddard, Lothrop, 8
- stratified reproduction, 110–11
- strict scrutiny standard and undue burden standard, abortion, 32
- Stupak Amendment, 153–54
- Subcommittee on Selective Immigration of the Eugenics Committee, 7
- Sunni schools of thought, 37, 38
- surgical abortion, 72–73
- surrogacy,
107–9;
- artificial insemination, 108
- gestational surrogacy, 108
- lack of statistical information, 108
- pregnancy for profit, 110
- state laws and regulations, 108–9
- traditional surrogacy, 108
- in vitro fertilization (IVF), 108
T
- teenage pregnancy
- abortion and minors, 52
- access to contraceptives, 52
- adoption, 50–51
- affect on children, 52–53
- “The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study,” 52
- penalties and punishment, 50–51
- post-WW II, change in societal attitudes, 50–51
- poverty, impact, 51, 53
- poverty rates, 53
- pregnancy rate in U.S., 150
- race and class issues, 50–51
- rates of teen pregnancy, statistics, 51
- reproductive health care rights of teenagers, 52
- rights of minors, 52
- teenagers, access to contraceptives, 52
- telemedicine abortions, 80–81
- Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), 48
- terminology origins, 155–57
- thalidomide, fetal deformities, 14, 122
- The Population Bomb (Paul and Anne Erlich), 124–25
- therapeutic abortion, Islam, 38
- Third Wave feminists, 19
- Tiller, George, 78
- Title X, Family Planning Program, 64
- tobacco and alcohol, 46
- Toxic Substances Control Act, 121
- toxic waste sites, remediation demands, 127
- traditional families, 98
- transgender. see LGBTQI persons (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, queer, intersex persons)
- TRAP laws (Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws), 82–83
- Tunisia, abortion, 38
- Turkey, abortion and contraception, 38
- Tuskeegee experiments, considered genocide, 11
U
- Ukraine, adoption, 116
- unborn child. see fetuses
- undocumented women and immigrants, birthing, 133–34
- undue burden standard, abortion, 32
- unintended pregnancies, annual cost to taxpayers, 64–65
- Unitarian Universalist Association Congregations, 35
- United Church of Christ, 35
- United Methodist Church, 35
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
147–49;
- HIV/AIDS prevention, 148
- involuntary sterilization and forced abortion claims, 148
- unmarried couples
- dispensing to contraceptives to, 11
- unmarried pregnancy. see single/unmarried pregnancy
- urbanization,
5–6;
- contraception, factors, 20–21
- feminism, 19, 20–21
- fertility, early attempts to control, 9–10
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 145–47
- U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, 163
- U.S. Constitution, legal context of abortion, 26
- U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
- abstinence only sex education, evaluation of program, 54–55
- U.S. health care system, 150–51
- U.S. Post Office
- role in finding and censoring abortion and contraception information during moral reform movement, 5–6
- US Children’s Bureau, funding of nurse-midwife education programs, 134–35
V
- values debates and reproductive politics,
54–60;
- abstinence only sex education, 54–55
- adoption, same-sex couples, 58
- Anthony, Susan B., reasons for opposing abortion, 58
- anti-abortion movement and 19th century abolitionist movement, 56–57
- conscience clause, 59–60
- Feminists for Life (FFL) organization, 57–58
- LGBTQI parents in U.S., evolving attitudes and policies, 58–59
- life begins at conception, concept, 55–56, 66
- moral beliefs, conscience clause, 59–60
- same-sex marriage, 58–59
- voluntary motherhood concept, 1, 19
- voluntary sterilization, 9
- vulnerable women, implications of environmental perspectives, 126–27
W
- waiting periods, abortion, 82
- war on drugs, 46
- Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 31
- Weddington, Sarah, 28
- welfare benefits, women of color, 12
- welfare policy, 47–48
- women of color
- adoption, 114, 116
- birth control campaigns as genocide, 11
- Black Women for Reproductive Justice, 159
- coerced sterilization, 12–13
- Committee for Abortion Rights and against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 12
- Committee to End Sterilization Abuse (CESA), 12
- feminism, 22–24
- genocide, 11
- maternal health care crisis in the U.S., 138
- National Black Feminist Organization, 23
- National Welfare Rights Organization, 12
- Planned Parenthood, 12
- reaction to the pill, 23–24
- reproductive choice organizations, representing interests of, 159–60
- reproductive justice movement, 159–60
- Sister Song organization, 160–61
- sterilization abuse, 11–13
- Tuskeegee experiments, considered genocide, 11
- welfare benefits, 12
- women’s mental and physical health, abortion impact on
- American Psychological Association (APA) Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion, 68–69
- anti-abortion arguments, 67
- associated stigma, 69
- breast cancer associated with abortion, claim disproved, 69–70
- Johns Hopikins University Study, 68, 69
- post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome, 69
- relief, commonly reported emotion, 69
- studies on topic, methodological flaws, 69
- women’s rights advocates
- First Wave feminists, 1, 19
- Second Wave feminists, 1, 9, 19, 144
- women with disabilities (WWD), 128–31
- workplace policies, pregnant women in contact with toxic substances, 91
Y
- Young Men’s Christian Association, 35
- Young Rubber Corp. v. C.I. Lee & Co. Inc., 10
