- abolition
- and suffrage, 126–128
- abortion, 114, 160–161, 165–166
- Abraham, Felix, 74
- Abrahamic religions, 108–109
- Abu Ghraib, 117
- abuse, sexual, 116
- access to care, 89–92, 162
- activism, transgender 45–47
- Adam’s apple, 59
- adrenal glands, 57
- adrenal hyperplasia, congenital (CAH), 20, 25–26
- agender people, 13, 96
- aggression, 59
- AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), 20
- Akan, 38
- Alabama, 123–124, 165–166
- Algonquian, 97–98
- Allums, Kye, 46
- 5-alpha reductase deficiency (5-ARD), 20–21, 25
- Amazons, 37–38
- American Indians. See Native Americans
- American Psychiatric Association, 73, 77, 78
- American Samoa, 99
- AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), 49
- ancient Egypt, 7–8, 97
- ancient Greece, 6, 37–38, 92, 141–142
- androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), 20
- androgynes, 41
- androgynous
- gender identity, 11
- future, 163
- Anthony, Susan B., 127–128
- anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), 49
- Arabic, 102
- Arab Spring, 131–132
- 5-ARD (5-alpha reductase deficiency), 20–21, 25
- asexual people, xii–xiii
- ashtime, 99–100
- Atwood, Margaret, 165
- Australia, 138
- autism,p. 182↵ 57
- Aztecs, 98
- Baby X Experiments, 26
- Balinese, 101
- Baltimore, Maryland, 106–107
- Bangladesh, 8–9, 99
- Beatie, Thomas, 85
- behavior, 94
- Bem, Sandra, 70
- Benjamin, Harry, 75–76
- berdache (term), 39
- Bergman, S. Bear, 145–146
- Berlin Institute (Institute for Sexual Science), 74
- Bible, 108–109
- bigender people, 13, 96
- biology
- of brain, 51–54
- influence on gender, 48
- influence on gender identity, 23–25
- influence on longevity, 62
- in nonhuman species, 64–67
- birth certificates, 123–124
- bisexuality, xii–xiii, 35, 66
- bissu, 99
- Black feminism, 130
- Blackfoot, 39
- body contouring surgery, 158
- body hair
- and testosterone, 58
- body modification, 156–159
- Bono, Chaz, 46
- borderline personality disorder (BPD), 92–93
- Bornstein, Kate, 145–146, 148
- Bostock v. Clayton Co., 114–115
- Boy Scouts of America, 46–47
- BPD (borderline personality disorder), 92–93
- Brahman, 108–109
- brain, male vs female, 51–54
- Bronze Age, 31–32
- Buddhism, 99, 107, 109
- Bugis people, 99
- Burkholder, Nancy, 148
- Butler, Judith, 95–96, 142–143
- CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 20, 25–26
- calabai, 99
- calalai, 99
- Califano v. Goldfarb, 113
- Califia, Patrick, 143, 145, 148–149
- California, 113–114, 120, 123–124
- Camp Trans, 148
- Cashier, Albert, 40–41
- Catholicism, 108–110
- Catt, Carrie Chapman, 128–129
- Cercle Hermaphroditos, 41
- Charcot, Jean-Martin, 92
- Chaucer, Geoffrey, 106–107
- Cherokee, 39
- chestfeeding, 85–86
- child marriage, 117–118
- children
- gender development in, 68–73
- sexual abuse of, 116
- of transgender people, 85–87
- China, 5, 31–32
- Christianity, 36, 107, 108–109
- Chu, Andrea Long, 150
- cisgender, xii, 3–4
- cisnormativity, xiii, 3
- cissexism, xiii
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Title II, 120
- Civil Rights movement, 129
- Cleopatra, 7–8
- Cleveland, Grover, 41
- Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 113
- cloacal exstrophy, 23
- cognitive developmental theory,p. 183↵ 69–70, 71
- Colapinto, John, 22–23
- Combs, Thatcher, 144
- Compton’s Cafeteria Riot (San Francisco, 1966), 43, 44
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 20, 25–26
- Congress to Unite Women, 130
- conversion. See somatization.
- conversion therapy, 77
- Cooper Do-nuts Riot (Los Angeles, 1959), 43, 44
- Cornell University, 138
- Courvant, Diana, 148–149
- coverture, 111
- Cox, Laverne, 46
- Craig v. Boren, 113
- Cree, 39
- Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 130–131, 132–133
- culture(s), 34
- gender options, 96–100
- and language about gender, 103–106
- Cunningham, Phillipe, 45–46
- Currah, Paisley, 46, 145–146, 148
- Darwin, Charles, 33
- Daughters of Bilitis, 147–148
- Davis, Angela, 130
- Dawson, Madge, 138
- DeBeauvoir, Simone, 129
- Deborah (Hebrew judge), 108–109
- Declaration of Sentiments, 127
- deities, 108–109
- Delaney, Samuel, 143
- de Lauretis, Teresa, 140–141
- D’Emilio, John, 142
- Democratic National Convention, 45–46
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 54
- Depression Quest, 133–134
- Dewey’s Coffee Shop (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 43
- DHT (dihydrotestosterone), 19, 20–21, 50, 58
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 73, 77, 78
- dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 19, 20–21, 50, 58
- diversity, gender, 35, 39–40
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 54
- domestic violence. See intimate partner violence.
- Dominican Republic, 20–21
- Dora (transgender person), 74
- Douglas, Angela, 43
- Douglas, Ryan, 136–137
- Douglass, Frederick, 127–128
- Down syndrome, 55, 151–152
- drivers licenses, 123–124
- “Drop the T” petition, 27–28
- DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 73, 77, 78
- Duke University Press, 146
- early humans, 30–33
- economic parity, 160
- education, girls 160
- Education Amendments Act of 1972, 46–47, 129
- Elbe, Lili, 74
- Elliot, Beth, 147–148
- Emory University, 138
- Employment Nondiscrimination Act, 119
- English language, 10, 101–107
- English common law, 111
- Enke, Anne, 149–150
- equality, gender, 8–9
- legal history of, 110–115
- equal rights feminism, 129–130
- ergi,p. 184↵ 99–100
- Erickson, Reed, 43
- Erickson Educational Foundation, 43
- Eskimo vocabulary hoax, 100
- estrogen, 50–51, 60–61, 63, 84
- Ethiopia, 99–100
- evangelical Christianity, 36
- evolutionary psychology, 33–36
- eye contact, 5
- fa’afafine, 99
- Facebook, 96, 131–132, 154–155
- facial hair, and testosterone, 58
- Faderman, Lillian, 141
- Fair Housing Act of 1968, 119–120
- Fatima (Muhammad’s wife), 108–109
- Feinberg, Leslie, 145, 148
- femininity, 5
- feminism
- equal rights, 129–130
- fifth wave, 125
- history of, 125–132
- trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs), 131
- transfeminism, 147–150
- femme-punk style, 131
- Ferguson, Roderick, 143
- Finnish, 102
- Fisk, Norman, 76
- 5-alpha reductase deficiency (5-ARD), 20–21, 25
- flag, transgender pride, 45
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 129
- Ford, Christine Blasey, 116–117
- Foucault, Michel, 141–142
- Frank, Barney, 45–46
- French language, 102
- Friedan, Betty, 130
- Frontiero v. Richardson, 113
- Frye, Phyllis, 44
- FTM International, 44–45
- future directions, 151
- Gamergate, 133–134
- gatekeeping, 80
- Gattaca (1997), 152
- gay (term), xii–xiii
- Geduldig v. Aiello, 113–114
- gender, xi–xiv, 1
- and biology, 48
- contextualizing, 125
- in early humans, 30–33
- future of, 151
- grammatical, 101–102
- history of, 30
- and language, 100–106
- and mental health care, 92–93
- in nonhuman species, 64–67
- performativity of, 142–143
- and religion, 107–110
- and sexuality, 27–29
- social construction of, 94–96
- gender-affirming surgery, 73–74, 157–158
- gender-based violence, 115–118
- gender binary, 10–11
- gender clinics, 76
- gender development, 68–73
- gender diversity, 35, 39–40
- gender dysphoria, 73, 77, 78, 79–81, 88–89
- gendered language, 102–103
- gender equality, 8–9
- legal history of, 110–115
- gender expression, xii, 4–7
- gender fluidity, 10
- gender fluid identity, 13, 96
- gender identity,p. 185↵ xii, 2–4, 27, 163
- basis for, 21–26
- conceptual development of, 75–76
- gender identity disorder, 77
- gender incongruence, 78
- genderless parenting. See gender-neutral parenting.
- gender-neutral language, 105, 156
- gender-neutral parenting, 153–156
- gender-neutral pronouns, 72–73, 105–107, 154–155
- gender-neutral titles, 106–107, 154–155
- gender nonconforming (GNC) people, 11–13, 14–15, 96
- gender nonconformity, 11–13
- genderqueer, 11, 13, 96, 105
- gender-related diagnoses, 78–80
- gender roles, xii, 2, 7–9, 95–96
- cultural options, 96–100
- history of, 110–111
- in nonhuman species, 65–66
- and religion, 108
- gender schema theory, 70–71
- gender stereotypes, 154
- Gender Studies, 139
- General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 113–114
- General Motors (GM), 132–133
- genetic testing, 152
- genital mutilation, 117–118
- genital surgery, 75–76, 158
- German language, 101–102
- Gilbert, Joshua, 41
- Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 114
- Girl Scouts of America, 46–47
- Gjoni, Eron, 133–134
- Global Early Adolescent Study, 6
- Global Gender Gap Report, 8–9
- GM (General Motors), 132–133
- GNC (gender nonconforming) people, 11–13, 14–15
- God, 108–109
- Gopinath, Gayatri, 143
- Gould, Lois, 153
- grammatical gender, 101–102
- great Eskimo vocabulary hoax, 100
- Greek, 101
- Grimke sisters, 127
- guevedoce, 20–21
- Haefele-Thomas, Ardel, 144
- Halberstam, Jack, 143, 145, 148
- Hall, Thomas(ine), 40
- Halperin, David, 141–142
- Hamburger, Christian, 75
- handedness, 53
- Harris Funeral Homes v. EEOC, 114–115
- Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. See World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH).
- Hart, Alan L., 41–42
- hashtags, 131–132, 133–134
- Hatshepsut, 7–8
- Hawaii, 10–11, 45–46, 98–99
- healthcare
- access to care for women, 162
- insurance coverage for trans people, 90
- history for trans people, 73–78
- medical transition, 83–85
- Hebrew, 10–11, 102, 108–109
- Helms, Monica, 45
- Henly, Mary, 40
- hermaphrodite (term), 17
- Hester, Rita, 45
- heteronormative systems, xiii
- heterosexism, xiii
- Hicks, Lucy, 41–42
- hijras, 10–11, 99, 108–109
- Hill, Anita,p. 186↵ 116–117
- Hinduism, 107, 108–109
- Hippocrates, 92
- Hirschfeld, Magnus, 74
- history
- of feminism, 125–132
- of gender, 30
- of gender equality, 110–115
- LGBTQ, 141–142
- of transgender people, 40–45
- Holter, Eric, 119
- homophobia, xiii
- homosexuality, xiii, 35, 66
- Hopi tribe, 38–39
- hormone therapy, 84, 157
- Human Rights Campaign, 27, 119
- hypogonadism, 59–60
- hysteria, 92–93
- ICD (International Classification of Diseases), 78–79
- Idaho, 123–124
- ID documents, 123–124
- identity
- gender identity disorder, 77
- identity politics, 142–143
- Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 121
- incels (involuntary celibates), 134
- India, 10–11, 62, 99, 108–109, 159
- Indiana University, 75
- indigenous religions, 108–109
- indigenous tribes, 97–98
- Indonesia, 10–11, 38, 99
- Institute for Sex Research (Kinsey Institute), 75
- Institute for Sexual Science (Berlin Institute), 74
- intelligence quotient (IQ), 52–53
- International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 78–79
- interruptions, 104
- intersectionality, xiii, 130–131, 132–133
- intersex people, 1–2, 17–21, 24–25, 40, 55
- intimate partner violence, 115–116, 165–166
- Inuits, 39, 100
- in vitro fertilization, 151
- IQ (intelligence quotient), 52–53
- Iraq War, 117
- Islam, 107, 108–109
- Israel, 143–144
- Iwamoto, Kim Coco, 45–46
- Japan, 5, 6, 138, 165–166
- Japanese, 102
- Jenkins, Andrea, 45–46
- Jenner, Caitlyn, 46
- Jewish texts, 97
- Johns Hopkins University, 76
- Johnson, Marsha P., 44
- Jorgensen, Christine, 42, 75
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 76
- Juang, Richard, 145–146
- Judaism, 10–11, 107, 108–110
- June, Jenny, 41
- Kabul University, 138
- Kansas, 123–124
- kathoey, 99
- Kavanaugh, Brett, 116–117
- Kennedy, Florynce, 130
- Khawaja Sira, 99–100
- Kinsey, Alfred, 42, 75
- Kinsey Institute (Institute for Sex Research), 75
- Klinefelter syndrome, 19, 55
- Knox, Howard J., 42
- Koasati, 103–104
- Kohlberg, Lawrence, 70
- Kolakowski, Victoria, 45–46
- Kopriva, Karen, 45
- Koyama, Emi,p. 187↵ 147, 148–150
- Kukla, Elliot, 10–11, 97
- Kukutai, 101
- Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, 43
- Lakota, 39, 97–98
- language, 100–103
- about gender, 103–106
- gendered, 102–103
- Latin America, 5, 147
- Latinx, 105
- Lear, Martha Weinman, 125
- legal protections
- English common law, 111
- for gender equality, 110–115
- for transgender people, 118–124
- lesbians, xii–xiii, 130
- LGBTQ (acronym), xii, 27
- LGBTQ communities, 27–28
- LGBTQ culture, 29
- LGBTQ history, 141–142
- LGBTQIA (acronym), 17–18
- LGBTQ people
- legal protections for, 120
- in prison, 122
- LGBTQ youth shelters, 44
- life expectancy, 62–63
- linguistic relativity, 100
- literacy, 160
- Lobdell, Joseph, 40–41
- longevity, 62–63
- Los Angeles, California, 43, 44
- Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart, 114
- Madagascar, 99–100
- Māhū, 10–11, 98–99
- makkunrai, 99
- male-pattern facial and body hair, 58
- mandrills, 64
- marriage
- child, 117–118
- same-sex, 120–121
- walking, 38
- Martin, Wednesday, 35
- Martino, Mario, 43
- masculinity, 5, 135–138
- Masculinity Studies, 139–140
- masculinization, 50
- Massachusetts, 40
- maternal mortality rates, 162
- maternity leave, 161
- matriarchy, 37–39
- matrilineal society, 38
- matrilocal society, 38
- Mayan gods, 98
- McBride, Sarah, 45–46
- McHugh, Paul, 76
- medical care. See healthcare.
- menopause, 61
- Men’s Studies, 140
- mental health care
- gender and, 92–93
- gender-related diagnoses, 78–80
- mental health providers, 80
- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 114
- Mesopotamia, 97
- meta-gender people, 99
- metoidioplasty, 158
- #MeToo movement, 116–117, 131–132
- Mexico, 98
- Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival, 148
- micropenis, 23
- military service, transgender, 122
- Mills College, 46
- Minangkabau, 38
- Minassian, Alek, 134
- minority stress theory, 81–82
- Minter, Shannon, 145–146
- Miriam-Webster Dictionary, 106–107
- Mishna, 97
- misogyny,p. 188↵ 133–135, 137–138
- mixed gender people, 98, 99
- Money, John, 7, 22
- monogamy, 35, 66–67
- Mosuo (Na) people, 38
- Mott, Lucretia, 126–127
- Ms. magazine, 106
- Muhammad, 108–109
- Mullerian ducts, 49
- multigender people, 13
- Munoz, Jose, 143
- Muslims, 107
- muxes, 98
- mythology, 97
- names, gender-neutral, 154–155
- Na (Mosuo) people, 38
- National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights (October 1979), 44
- National Transsexual Counseling Unit, 44
- National Women’s Studies Association, 138–139
- Native Americans
- health insurance coverage, 90
- language about gender, 103–104
- maternal mortality rates, 162
- matriarchal, 38–39
- Native Hawaiians, 98–99
- nature vs nurture, 21–26
- Navajo, 39, 97–98
- NCAA basketball, 46
- Nefertiti, 7–8
- Neolithic Age, 31–32
- Nepal, 99
- New Mexico, 41
- New Stone Age, 31
- New York City, New York
- Cercle Hermaphroditos, 41
- Pride March (2005), 45–46
- Stonewall Riots (1969), 43–44
- New Zealand, 159
- nonbinary (term), 105
- nonbinary people, xii, 10–11, 13, 96, 99, 100
- nonconformity, 11–13, 43
- nonhuman species, 64–67
- North America, 39–40
- nurture: nature vs, 21–26
- Oaxaca, Mexico, 98
- Obama, Barack, 46–47, 119
- Ohio, 123–124
- Ojibwe, 97–98
- Old Stone Age, 30–31
- Olivia Records, 144
- Oman, 99–100
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 114
- Oregon, 123–124
- oroané, 99
- Pakistan, 99–100, 108–109
- Paleolithic Age, 30–31
- Palestine, 138
- pansexual, xii–xiii
- Papua New Guinea, 20–21
- parenting, 125–132, 153–156
- Park, Pauline, 45–46
- patriarchy, xiii, 36–37
- Paul, Alice, 128–129
- penile agenesis, 23
- performativity, 142–143
- phalloplasty, 158
- Philippines, 99–100
- pinkwashing, 143–144
- Planned Parenthood, 129
- Plato, 97
- polygamy, in nonhuman species, 66–67
- Polynesian culture, 99
- polytheism, 108–109
- pregnancy
- discrimination, 113–114
- effects on economic potential, 161
- maternal mortality, 162
- transgender,p. 189↵ 86
- unpaid leave, 113
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, 113–114
- pride flags, 45
- Prince, Virginia, 42
- prison, 122, 146–147
- privacy: right to, 114
- privilege, xiii
- Project Baby X, 153
- pronouns, xii, 72–73, 104–107, 154–155
- Protestantism, 109–110
- psychiatric care
- psychology, 33–36, 68
- Puar, Jasbir, 143–144
- puberty, 16–17, 50
- puberty blockers, 157
- queer (term), xiii, 140
- Queer Nation, 140
- Queer Studies, 139
- queer theory, 140–144
- Quinn, Zoe, 133–134
- Qu’ran, 109
- radical feminism, 129–130, 131
- rape. See sexual violence.
- Rasmussen, Stu, 45–46
- Raymond, Janice, 144
- Reed v. Reed, 113
- Reimer, David, 22–23
- relativity, linguistic, 100
- religions, 107–110
- reparative therapy. See conversion therapy.
- reproductive rights, 160–161, 165
- reproductive technology, 85–87, 125–132
- right to privacy, 114
- right to vote, 112, 127–129
- ring metoidioplasty, 158
- riot grrrl scene, 131
- Rivera, Sylvia, 44
- Rodger, Elliot, 134
- Rodriguez, Roxsana Hernandez, 121
- Roem, Danica, 45–46
- romance languages, 10
- romantic friendships, 141
- Rubin, Gayle, 142–143
- Russia, 62, 165–166
- same-sex marriage, 120–121
- Sanchez, Diego, 45–46
- San Diego State College (San Diego State University), 138
- San Francisco, California, 43–44, 45–46
- Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, 100
- Sarkeesian, Anita, 133–134
- schema theory, 70–71
- Scott-Dixon, Krista, 149–150
- secondary sex characteristics, 50
- Second Life, 163–164
- Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 143
- sekrata, 99–100
- Seneca Falls Convention, 125, 126, 127, 128–129
- Serano, Julia, 145–146, 149
- sex
- in nonhuman species, 64–67
- sex chromosomes, 54–56
- sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene, 19, 49, 55
- sex development, 1, 17
- sex differentiation, 56
- sex drive, 59
- sex hormones, 50
- sexism, xiii
- sexology, 74, 141
- sexual abuse, childhood, 116
- sexual assault. See sexual violence.
- sexual behavior in nonhuman species, 56–57
- sexual dimorphism,p. 190↵ 33, 64–65
- sexual harassment, 114–115
- sexual intercourse in nonhuman species, 65
- sexuality, xii, 27–29, 66–67
- sexual orientation, xii
- sexual roles, 35
- sexual selection, 33
- sexual violence,
- as a weapon of war, 117
- laws, 116
- perpetrators, 116
- rates, 116
- Shakespeare, William, 106–107
- shamans, 108–109
- Shupe, Jamie, 96
- Siberia, 99–100
- Siddhartha Gautama, 108–109
- Sikhism, 109
- Sikhs, 107, 109
- Simpson, Amanda, 45–46
- Sipiniq, 39
- Smith, Gwendolyn Ann, 45
- Snorton, C. Riley, 146–147
- social environment, effect on gender identity, 26
- social learning theory, 69, 71
- social media, 96, 131–132
- social norms, 34
- Social Security, 113–114
- social transition, 83
- society, 94
- Society for the Second Self, 42
- somatization, 92
- Sotomayor, Sonia, 104
- Southern Comfort Conference, 44–45
- SOX9 gene, 55
- Spanish language, 10, 101–102, 103, 105
- spironolactone, 84
- SRY (sex-determining region Y) gene, 19, 49, 55
- Standards of Care, World Professional Association for Transgender Health, 76
- Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 126–128
- Stanton v. Stanton, 113
- STAR (Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries), 44
- STAR House, 44
- Steinem, Gloria, 106
- stem cells, 152
- Stephens, Aimee, 114–115
- stereotypes, 154
- Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 41
- Stocker, David, 155
- Stone, Sandy, 144–145
- Stonewall Riots (New York City, 1969), 43–44
- straight people, xii–xiii
- Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), 44
- stress, minority, 81–82
- Stryker, Susan, 46, 145–146
- suffrage, 112, 127–129
- Sullivan, Lou, 44–45
- Summers, Lawrence, 52–53
- surgery
- body contouring, 158
- for transgender people, 83–85
- transplantation, 158–159
- Sweden, 156, 161–162
- Swedish language, 105
- Sweet, Elizabeth, 154
- Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein, 143, 145–146
- Sydney University, 138
- Talmud, 97
- TAO (Transsexual/Transvestite Action Organization), 43
- Target (store), 6–7
- Taylor v. Louisiana,p. 191↵ 113
- technology
- for body modification, 156–159
- future directions, 164–166
- virtual, 163–164
- Tennessee, 123–124
- TERFs (trans-exclusionary radical feminists), 131
- terminology, xii–xiv, 105
- testosterone, 19, 20–21, 49, 50–51, 56–60, 63
- Texas, 44
- Thai Buddhism, 99
- Thai people, 99
- third-gender individuals, 10–11, 41, 96, 99–100
- Thom, Kai Cheng, 150
- Thomas, Clarence, 116–117
- Time magazine, 46
- Tina, Brandon, 45
- Tipton, Billy, 42
- Title II (Civil Rights Act of 1964), 120
- Title IX (Education Amendments Act of 1972), 46–47, 129
- titles, gender-neutral, 106–107, 154–155
- Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964), 113–115, 119
- Titus, Tyler, 45–46
- Tokyo Medical University, 165–166
- top surgery, 85–86, 158
- Torah, 109
- toxic masculinity, 135–138
- trans activism, 45–47
- trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs), 131
- transfeminism, 147–150
- transgender (term), xii, 42
- transgender (trans) children, 72, 80–81, 83
- Transgender Day of Remembrance, 45
- transgender (trans) identity, xii, 3, 72, 78–80
- transgender (trans) people, xii, 3, 13–17, 27–28
- children of, 85–87
- history of, 40–45
- homicides of, 45
- legal protections for, 118–124
- mental health care for, 87–89
- mental health concerns, 80–83
- in military, 122
- prison population, 122
- support for, 131
- surgical options, 83–85
- in U.S., 40–45
- violence against, 121
- transgender pride flag, 45
- Transgender Studies, 144–147
- Transgender Studies Quarterly, 46, 146, 147, 149–150
- Trans March (San Francisco 2004), 45–46
- transphobia, xiii, 82
- transplantation surgery, 158–159
- transsexual (term), 75
- transsexualism, 77
- Transsexual/Transvestite Action Organization (TAO), 43
- Transvestia magazine, 42
- transvestite (term), 74
- transvestitism, 77
- trauma, 92–93
- trisomy 21, 55
- Trump, Donald, 46–47, 116–117, 119, 122
- Truth, Sojourner, 127, 128, 132
- Turkey,p. 192↵ 20–21
- 21st century trans activism, 45–47
- Twitter, 131–132
- Two Spirit people, 10–11, 39–40, 97–98
- Uganda, 8–9, 138
- United Nations (UN), 78–79
- United States, xiii
- colonial, 111
- conversion therapy, 77
- gender-affirming surgery, 73–74
- gender clinics, 76
- gender expression, 5
- gender options, 96
- gender roles, 7–8
- health insurance, 90
- language about gender, 105
- legal protections for transgender people, 118–124
- longevity, 62
- maternal mortality rate, 162
- Obama administration, 46–47
- patriarchal system, 37
- pinkwashing, 143–144
- religions, 107–108
- sexual violence, 116
- social construction of gender, 94–95
- transgender people, 40–45
- Trump administration, 46–47
- Women’s Studies, 138–139
- United States Constitution, 112–113, 127–128
- United States Department of Defense, 122
- United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 119–120
- United States Department of Justice, 119
- United States Department of State, 123
- United States Supreme Court, 104, 113, 114, 116–117
- United States Transgender Survey, 89–90
- universal suffrage, 127–128
- University of Arizona, 146
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 140–141
- University of California–Santa Barbara, 134
- vaginectomy, 158
- vaginoplasty, 158
- Valerio, Max Wolf, 148
- Van (transgender person), 75
- Vela de la Intrepidas (Oaxaca, Mexico), 98
- Ventura County, California, 41–42
- violence
- gender-based, 115–118
- sexual, 116
- Virginia, 40, 45–46
- virtual technology, 163–164
- voting rights, 112, 127–129
- Walker, Alice, 130
- walking marriages, 38
- Warias, 10–11
- Warner, Michael, 143
- Washington, D.C., 123–124
- Weinstein, Harvey, 116–117
- We’wha, 41
- Whittle, Stephen, 146
- Wilchins, Riki Anne, 145
- Willard, Emma, 127
- Winton, Tim, 137–138
- wíŋkte, 39, 97–98
- Witterick, Kathy, 155
- women’s health, 93, 160–161
- Women’s March on Washington (January 2017), 131–132
- women’s rights,p. 193↵ 112, 126, 128, 160–161
- Women’s Studies, 138–139
- Women’s Studies and Gender Studies, 139
- women’s work, 161–162
- Wonder Woman, 37–38
- World Anti-Slavery Convention, 126–127
- World Economic Forum, 8–9
- World Health Organization (WHO), 78–79
- World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), 43, 76
- World War II, 129
