A

• Acetylcholine
  • defined,155
  • impaired function in disease,15–16
  • loss of in Parkinson’s disease,102–3
  • in memory formation,12–13
  • memory loss treatment,16–18
  • nicotinic receptors,19–20
• Acetylcholinesterase,17, 155
• Acid rain,71
• Action potentials,129–32, 155
• Addiction
  • amnesia in,11–12
  • cocaine,47–48
  • food/drug effects,44–45
  • heroin,45, 59
  • marijuana,58
  • morphine,46
  • nicotine,13, 19–20, 41, 45, 50, 111
• Adenosine,86–87, 92
• ADHD,20, 36, 37
• Aging of brain
  • auditory system,104, 143–44
  • caloric restriction,96–98, 106–7
  • death,92–93
  • food/drug effects,94–96, 105
  • inflammation in,99–103, 108
  • lifespan,93–94, 101, 128–29
  • miracle cures,109–12
  • nervous system changes,103
  • obesity,55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
  • regions most affected,98–99
  • senescence,91–92
  • sleeping/dreaming effects,89–90
  • slowing,106
  • touch sense,105–6
  • vestibular system,104–5
  • visual system,104, 139–42
• Alcohol,100, 152–53
• All-meat diet,64
• Alternative medicines,112–14
• Aluminum,70–72
• Alzheimer’s disease
  • amnesia in,11–12
  • anti-inflammatories,99–100
  • defined,155
  • gender differences,101
  • impaired glucose regulation in,53
  • memory loss treatment,16–18
  • neurotransmitter behavior in,14–16
  • neurotrophic factors,65
  • risk factors for,100–101
  • sleep disturbances in,89
  • spice effects,65–66
  • tea extracts in,63
• Amnesia,11–12, 155
• Amygdala,23–28, 99, 155
• Analgesic,155
• Anandamide,68
• Anterograde amnesia,11–12
• Anticholinergic,155
• Anticonvulsants,35, 156
• Antidepressants,29–32, 55
• Anti-inflammatories,99–100, 109
• Antioxidants,63, 69, 95, 97–98
• Antipsychotics,38, 40
• Anxiety,31–32, 37, 75, 115
• Anxiolytic,156
• Aphasia,144
• Arachnoid mater,118
• Aspirin,46, 65, 99–100
• Astrocytes,121–23, 156
• Astrocytes tumors,121–22
• ATP,86–87
• Attention,7–8, 19–20, 92
• Auditory cortex,143–44
• Autism,26, 34, 39
• Autonomic nervous system,12, 156
• Axons,121, 129–32, 156

B

• Balance,104–5
• Basal ganglia,133
• B.C.E.,156
• Behavior control,22, 137–38
• Bilateral,156
• Bile,78
• Biorhythms,51–52
• Bipolar disorder,34–37, 77–78, 151
• Blood–brain barrier,17, 41, 123–24, 135, 156
• Body temperature rhythms,75–76, 93
• Botulinum toxin,17
• Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),61
• Brain generally.see also specific structures
  • blood supply to,122
  • decision-making processes,25
  • development of,3–4, 15, 125–29
  • energy expenditures,1–3, 53
  • function efficiency,131–32
  • gender differences in,127–28
  • organization of,135–36
  • sleep effects on,74–75
  • structure, functions of,2, 118–22
  • trauma to,119–20
• Broca, Paul,138
• Broca’s area,138–39, 156
• Buoyancy,119

C

• Caffeine,41, 45–48, 86–87, 111
• Caloric restriction,96–98, 106–7
• Carbamazepine,35
• Carbohydrates,52–53
• Carbon, carbon dioxide,94–95
• Central nervous system,156
• Cerebellum,151–53, 156
• Cerebral cortex,119–20, 124–27, 156
• Cerebral hemispheres,125, 156
• Cerebrospinal fluid,118–19
• Chiapas Real,67, 68
• Chocoholism,69
• Chocolate,66–70
• Choline supplementation,16–17
• Chronic traumatic encephalopathy,120
• Cingulate gyrus,22, 150–51
• Cinnamon,65
• Circadian rhythm,73, 77–78
• Close-talkers,27
• Clostridium botulinum,17
• Cocaine,47–48
• Coffee. see caffeine
• Cognitive enhancers,111
• Corpus callosum,127–28, 153–54, 157
• Cortisol,76
• Cross-modality,147
• Curcumin,65–66
• Cytokines,56, 107–8

D

• Daydreaming,142–43
• Deadly nightshade,13
• Death,92–93
• Deep brain stimulation,35
• Default network,141
• Dementia.see also Alzheimer’s disease
  • alcohol and,100
  • aluminum and,70–72
  • anti-inflammatories,99–100
  • defined,157
  • hallucinations in,147
  • impaired glucose regulation in,53
  • obesity,55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
  • omega-3 fatty acids,54–55
  • sleep disturbances in,89
• Dementia pugilistica,120
• Dendrites,121, 157
• Dendritic spines,18–19
• Dentate gyrus,99
• Deodorants,72
• Depression
  • cingulate gyrus in,151
  • described,27–29
  • development of,32
  • incidence of,28
  • serotonin role in,30, 32–34
  • sleep and,31–32, 77–78
  • susceptibility genes,37
  • treatment,29–31, 115
• Diet.see also food/drug effects
  • all-meat,64
  • caloric restriction,96–98, 106–7
  • fats (dietary),54–55, 59
  • high-fat,52
  • Mediterranean,54
  • restriction,64, 107
  • vegetarian/vegan,33
  • vitamins,49–50, 62
• Dietary restriction,64, 107
• Dizziness,105
• Dopamine
  • in basal ganglia,133
  • in depression,30
  • food/drug effects,51, 53, 59–60
  • functions of generally,133
  • loss of in Parkinson’s disease,102–3
  • reward system induction,58, 142–43
  • in schizophrenia,37–38, 40
• Dose–response effect,44
• Dreams. see sleeping/dreaming
• Drugs. see food/drug effects
• Dura mater,118, 157

E

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),29
• Emotions
  • aging effects,92
  • bipolar disorder,34–37, 77–78, 151
  • close-talkers,27
  • depressionsee depression
  • fear,23–27, 99
  • limbic system,22–23, 158
  • purpose of,21
  • schizophreniasee schizophrenia
  • staring, response to,25–26
• Endocannabinoids,51, 56, 58, 157
• Endorphins,51, 56–57, 157
• Epileptic seizures,73, 144–46
• Exercise,56, 66, 90, 91, 100, 107, 108, 131
• Eyes,104, 139–42

F

• Fats (dietary),54–55, 59
• Fear,23–27, 99
• Flavonoids,66–67
• Flight or fight response,24–25
• Food/drug effects.see also diet
  • addiction,44–45
  • aging,94–96, 105
  • antioxidants,63, 69, 95, 97–98
  • biological drive,57
  • blood–brain barrier,17, 41, 123–24, 156
  • caffeine,41, 45–48, 86–87, 111
  • caloric restriction,96–98, 106–7
  • carbohydrates,52–53
  • chocolate,66–70
  • cognitive function,61–63
  • fats,54–55, 59
  • fat/sugar cravings,59
  • feel good,48–50
  • flavonoids,66–67
  • fruits, vegetables,62–64
  • genetics in,45–46, 59–60
  • gut bacteria,60–61
  • high-fat diet,52
  • mechanisms of,42–44
  • nutritional supplements,112–14
  • obesity,55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
  • overeating,50–51
  • pleasure,56–58
  • precursor-loading,48–49
  • protein,95
  • sleeping/dreaming,78
  • spices,48, 65–66
  • terminology,42
  • time of day,51–52
  • toxins,70–72
  • uptake/excretion,41–42
  • weight reduction,64
  • wine,66–67
• Free radicals,96
• Frontal lobes
  • amygdala functions,26
  • in bipolar disorder,34–36
  • defined,120, 157
  • dietary restriction effects,107
  • functions of,136–38
  • lucid dreams,84–85
  • myelination,36–37, 158
  • neurotransmitters in,133
  • speech,138–39, 144, 153–54, 156
• Fruits, vegetables,62–64

G

• GABA,75, 80, 157
• Gage, Thomas,67
• Gall, Franz,135–36
• Galvani, Luigi,29
• Gastrointestinal system,157
• Ginkgo biloba,112–14
• Glia,121
• Glucose,44–45, 52–53, 58–59, 78
• Glutamate
• defined,157

H

• hallucinations and,148
• impaired function in disease,15–16
• in memory formation,13–15
• in schizophrenia,37–38
• seizures,73, 144–46
• Glycogen,78
• Gray matter,157
• Gyrus (gyri),120, 157
• Hallucinations
  • defined,146–48, 157
  • near-death experiences,122–23
  • nutmeg,48
  • in Parkinson’s disease,103
  • in schizophrenia,38–39
• Hearing, sense of,104, 143–44
• Hearing voices,38–39
• Hemoglobin,95
• Henbane,13
• Herbal medicines,112–14
• Heroin,45, 59
• Hippocampus
  • aging effects on,98–99
  • defined,158
  • in depression,27–28
  • dreams, content of,81–83
  • in memory,6–8, 17–19
  • neurotransmitter impaired function,15–16
  • neurotransmitters in,133
  • shrinkage, effects of,85–86
• Hydrocephalus,119
• Hypersomnolence,88
• Hypothalamus,53, 158

I

• Ibuprofen,99–100
• Inflammation,99–103, 108
• Ingestion analgesia,57
• Insomnia,74, 75, 89
• Insula,22–23
• Insulin,50, 64, 78
• Interpersonal distance,27
• Introspection,137
• Ipsilateral,158

J

• Jamais vu,143
• Jimson weed,13

K

• Kleine-Levin Syndrome,88

L

• Lamotrigine,35
• Language,138–39, 144, 156
• Law of Initial Value,45–46
• Learning,5–6, 18
• Leptin,50
• Limbic system,22–23, 158
• Lipid solubility,158
• Lipopolysaccharide,87
• Lithium salts,35
• Longevity,93–94, 101, 128–29
• Long-term potentiation (LTP),158
• LSD,147–49
• Lucid dreams,84–85
• Lying,137

M

• Magnesium salts,69
• Mammal,158
• Mandrake,13
• Marijuana,58
• Maternal obesity,55–56
• Mediterranean diet,54
• Memory
  • aging effects on,92, 98–99
  • alcohol and,100
  • amnesia,11–12, 155
  • attention,7–8, 19–20, 92
  • autobiographical,150
  • consolidation process,8
  • dendritic spines,18–19
  • emotion in,7
  • false,10–11
  • forgetting,8–9
  • formation, storage of,6–7, 12–18, 26–27
  • fruits, vegetables,62–63
  • hippocampus in,6–8, 17–19
  • in learning,5–6, 18
  • loss, treatment of,16–18
  • nicotine effects,13, 19–20
  • obesity effects on,108–9
  • recall,9–11
  • sensory,6–8
  • short-term,8
• Memory boosters,111
• Meninges,118
• Menopause,69
• Menstrual cycle,19, 68–69
• Metabolic syndrome,52
• Microglial,158
• Migraines,31–32, 73
• Miracle cures,109–12
• Mitochondria,158
• Monoamine oxidase (MAO),69–70
• Morphine,46
• 3-MT,122–23
• Multiple sclerosis,130–31
• Muscarine, muscarine receptors,13
• Myelin,37, 158
• Myelination,36–37, 103, 158
• Myelin sheaths,130

N

• Narcolepsy,79, 158
• Naturopathy,114
• Near-death experiences,122–23
• Neurogenesis,129
• Neurons
  • communication between,125, 127, 129–30
  • defined,121, 158
  • development of,126–29
  • fat/sugar cravings,59
  • flavonoids,66–67
  • loss of in Parkinson’s disease,102–3
  • in memory formation,13–15
  • myelination,36–37, 103, 158
  • neurotrophic factors,65
  • public speaking,25–26
  • sleep effects on,74–75, 78
  • tumors,122
• Neurotransmitters.see also specific neurotransmitters
  • behavior in Alzheimer’s disease,14–16
  • defined,132–35, 158–59
  • in depression,30
  • endocannabinoids,51, 56, 58, 157
  • food/drug effects,51
  • function efficiency,131–32
  • loss of in Parkinson’s disease,102–3
  • in memory formation,12–13
  • memory loss treatment,16–18
  • precursor-loading,48–49
  • receptors,13, 19–20, 134, 160
  • REM atonia,80–81, 159
  • reuptake,134, 160
  • in schizophrenia,37–38
  • in sleeping/dreaming,78–80
• Neurotrophic factors,65
• Nicotine,13, 19–20, 41, 45, 50, 111
• Nicotinic receptors,19–20
• Non-REM sleep,79–80, 82, 83, 85, 159
• Norepinephrine,30, 102–3, 133
• Nutmeg,48
• Nutritional supplements,112–14
• Nystagmus,153, 159

O

• Obesity,55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
• Obsessive compulsive disorder,22
• Occipital lobes,120, 139–42, 159
• Omega-3 fatty acids,54–55
• Oppositional defiant disorder,37
• Orexin,51, 79, 159
• Overeating,50–51
• Ovulation,19
• Oxygen,49–50, 94–97, 122

P

• Parasympathetic nervous system,159
• Parietal lobes,120, 149–50, 159
• Parkinson, James,102
• Parkinson’s disease
  • antipsychotics and,40
  • deep brain stimulation,35
  • defined,159
  • described,102
  • neurotrophic factors,65
  • REM behavior disorder and,81, 160
  • risk factors for,102–3
  • spice effects,65–66
  • treatment,103, 115
• Parkinson’s pugilistica,120
• Phenethylamine (PEA),69–70
• Pia mater,118, 159
• Pill color effects,116
• Placebo effect,111–17, 124, 159
• Placebome,116
• Poikilotherms,93, 159
• Polyphenols,63
• Prefrontal cortex,159
• Presynaptic,159
• Prevagen,124
• Progesterone,19, 69
• Proinflammatory proteins,32
• Protein,95
• Protoneurons,126, 127
• Pseudoscience,114, 159
• Public speaking,25–26
• Punch-drunk syndrome,120

Q

• Quercetin,63

R

• Receptors,13, 19–20, 134, 160
• REM atonia,80–81, 159
• REM behavior disorder,81, 160
• REM sleep,80, 82–87, 89, 93
• Restriction diets,64, 107
• Resveratrol,63
• Retina,104
• Retrograde amnesia,11
• Reuptake,134, 160

S

• Saccadic eye movement,140
• Salvinorin A,148
• Schizophrenia
  • defined,36–38, 151
  • dopamine in,37–38, 40
  • genetics in,34
  • glutamate in,37–38
  • hallucinations in,38–39, 147
  • incidence of,28
  • nicotinic receptors,20
• Seizures,73, 144–46
• Self-reflection,141–42
• Serotonin
  • defined,160
  • in depression,30, 32–34
  • hallucinations and,147–48
  • loss of in Parkinson’s disease,102–3
  • in venom,43
• Sickness behaviors,33
• Sleeping/dreaming
  • adenosine,86–87
  • aging effects,89–90
  • circadian rhythm,73, 77–78
  • daily rhythm control,78–80
  • daily rhythm disruptions,76–78
  • daily rhythms,75–76, 85–86
  • deprivation,31, 73–74, 79, 88–89, 110
  • described,73–74
  • dreams,74
  • dreams, content of,81–83
  • dreams, time spent in,85
  • dreams of children,83–84
  • dreams of suffocation,83
  • food/drug effects,78
  • gender differences,82–83, 86
  • hormone fluctuations,76
  • importance of,74–75
  • insomnia,74, 75, 89
  • lucid dreams,84–85
  • narcolepsy,79, 158
  • nondream (slow wave),74
  • non-REM,79–80, 82, 83, 85, 159
  • prolonged cycle,87–88
  • quality, efficiency,86, 90, 92
  • REM,80, 82–87, 89, 93
  • REM atonia,80–81, 159
  • REM behavior disorder,81, 160
  • wakefulness,74
• Smoking,13, 19–20, 92
• Social cues,26
• Sodium benzoate,65
• Speech,138–39, 144, 153–54, 156
• Spices,48, 65–66
• SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors),30–31
• Statins,76
• Stress, chronic,25
• Strokes,113, 139
• Sugar,44–45, 52–53, 58–59, 78
• Sulcus (sulci),120, 160
• Sympathetic nervous system,160
• Synapses,15, 134, 160
• Synaptic vesicles,160
• Synesthesia,148–49, 160

T

• Taste sense,51, 105
• Telomeres,94
• Temporal lobes,5, 120, 143–46, 160
• Testosterone,94, 96–97
• Touch sense,105–6
• Tryptophan,33, 48–49
• Turmeric,65–66
• Tyramine,69–70

U

• Ursolic acid,63–64

V

• Vagus nerve,17
• Valproate,35
• Vegetarian/vegan diet,33
• Vertigo,105
• Vestibular system,104–5
• Visual system,104, 139–42
• Vitamins, dietary,49–50, 62

W

• Weight reduction,64
• Wernicke’s area,144, 160
• White matter,160
• Willow tree bark,65
• Wine,66–67